A domestic company may extend its products to foreign markets by exporting, licensing and franchising. Initially, the exporting is indirect. It may develop a more serious attitude towards foreign business and move to the next stage of development. International company is normally the second stage in the development of a company towards transnational corporation. The orientation of the company is basically ethnocentric and the marketing strategy is extension. The marketing mix developed for the home market is extended into the foreign markets when a company decides to respond to market differences, it involves into the stage there multinational that pursues a multidomestic strategy. Multinational company’s each foreign subsidiary is managed as if it were an independent city stage. The subsidiaries are part of an area structure in which each country is part of a regional organization that reports to world headquarters. The transnational corporation is much more than a company with sales, investments, and operations in many countries. Such a company is increasingly dominating markets and industries around the world are an integrated world enterprise that links global resources ...

Strategic management of a global company requires an understanding and analysis of international business environment in order to assess opportunities and threats. The management has to formulate alternative strategies to exploit the opportunities provided by the environment by using company strengths. Many MNCs having the strength of technology and the environment of developing countries provide the opportunities of high quality and low priced products. Therefore, it is necessary to study the competitiveness of global business. The comparative cost theory concludes that the countries can specialize in producing certain products in which they have the competitive advantage of producing goods at low cost. It means that the customers in all the countries can have the goods at low price. Comparative cost theory also indicates that the countries which have the advantage of raw materials, labor, natural resources in producing particular goods can produce the goods at low cost with good quality. Thus, the customers in various countries can buy more goods with the same money. It can enhance the living standard of the people to enhance purchasing power and by consuming high quality ...

Interdependence and integration of individual countries of the world is called globalization. The globalization integrates not only economies but also societies. The globalization process includes globalization of markets, production, technology and investment. However globalization has two important components, one is globalization of market and other is globalization of production. Today, a company can view the entire world as one country for its business operation. In fact the businessmen were doing their operations even in the past. History indicates that business operations were existing across the countries even in the old days. Therefore the concept of global business is as old as civilization. Crossing national and political boundaries for the purpose of business may be called as globalization. Globalization has the following features: Planning and operating to expand business throughout the world. Removing the differences between domestic and foreign markets. Buying and selling goods and services from one country to another in the world. Establishing manufacturing and distribution facilities in different parts of the world base on the feasibility and ...

Country Risk Analysis is the evaluation of possible risks and rewards from business experiences in a country. It is used to survey countries where the firm is engaged in international business, and avoids countries with excessive risk. With globalization, country risk analysis has become essential for the international creditors and investors. Country Risk Analysis identifies imbalances that increase the risks in a cross-border investments. Country Risk Analysis represents the potentially adverse impact of a country's environment on the multinational corporation's cash flows and is the probability of loss due to exposure to the political, economic, and social upheavals in a foreign country. All business dealings involve risks. An increasing number of companies involving in external trade indicate huge business opportunities and promising markets. When business transactions occur across international borders, they bring additional risks compared to those in domestic transactions. These additional risks are called country risks which include risks arising from national differences in sociopolitical institutions, economic structures, policies, currencies, and geography. ...

Syndicated form of raising finance came into existence when the size of individual loans got bigger and banks thought fit to share the risks with other lenders. The concept of sole bankers was no longer feasible when a large amount of funding was involved. Moreover the syndicated mode of financing has two important features, namely, amount (risks) and administrative saving (documentation to be one principal lender). There will be one principal lender who will finance and the other participant lenders in the syndicate will share the risks in a predetermined share. Governments of countries as well as the corporate sector are tapped the syndicated loan route. The syndication is available for both, fund-based facilities as well as non-fund based facilities like Letters of Credit and Documentary Credits. As the syndicated loans are arranged a little quickly, these are popular with corporate entities. The fees payable on syndicated loans consist of management fees payable by the borrower on signing the loan documents or on first draw down, commitment fees payable, underutilized portion of the loan during the period when the loan was available and fees payable to the principle bank who ...

Open Account From the seller's point of view the Open Account is the most unsatisfactory international business payment system. Under this payment system the arrangement is that the buyer pays at the end of an agreed period. The seller consigns the goods directly to the buyer or to his order and documents pertaining to the goods are sent directly to the buyer enabling him to take delivery of the goods. Under this payment system the seller after having supplied goods is purely at the mercy of the buyer. Such a payment is normally in those trading arrangements requiring a high degree or trust between the buyer and the seller and a regular continuous business relationship between the two parties. Advantage of this payment system, is that since there is no involvement of a bank, there is less paper work and consequently lesser costs. This system is more beneficial to a large number of exporters and importers and is purely based upon full and undoubted trust between the two parties. Certainly from the exporter's point of view if you are going to release goods and also give your buyer the documents to go with it, you must have a very high element of trust. Otherwise you would be out of ...