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Types of Credit Derivatives

In finance, a credit derivative is a securitized derivative whose value is derived from the credit risk on an underlying bond, loan or any other financial asset. In this way, the credit risk is on an entity other than the counter-parties to the transaction itself. This entity is known as the reference entity and may be a corporate, a sovereign or any other form of legal entity which has incurred debt. Credit derivatives are bilateral contracts between a buyer and seller under which the seller sells protection against the credit risk of the reference entity.

Similar to placing a bet at the racetrack, where the person placing the bet does not own the horse or the track or have anything else to do with the race, the person buying the credit derivative doesn’t necessarily own the bond (the reference entity) that is the object of the wager.… Read the rest

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Different Types of Swaps

In finance, a SWAP is a derivative in which two counterparties agree to exchange one stream of cash flow against another stream. These streams are called the legs of the swap. Conventionally they are the exchange of one security for another to change the maturity (bonds), quality of issues (stocks or bonds), or because investment objectives have changed.

A swap is an agreement to exchange one stream of cash flows for another. Swaps are most usually used to:

  • Switch financing in one country for financing in another
  • To replace a floating interest rate swap with a fixed interest rate (or vice versa)

In August 1981 the World Bank issued $290 million in euro-bonds and swapped the interest and principal on these bonds with IBM for Swiss francs and German marks.… Read the rest

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RBI as the Exchange Control Authority

One of the important central banking functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the maintenance of the external value of the rupee. As such it has been given the custody of foreign exchange reserves and sole agency for the administration of exchange controls in India. All receipts and payments in and out of India require general or special permission of the RBI. The dealings in foreign exchange and foreign securities in India, payments to person resident outside India and export and import of currency notes, bullion or precious stones etc., are subject to general or special permission of RBI or are prohibited.

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Importance of Profit and Loss Account

The Profit and Loss Account is a Financial Statement which summarizes a company’s revenue and expenditure for a specific period of time, usually prepared annually or quarterly. These statements provide information that shows the ability of a company to generate profits by increasing its revenues and reducing costs. The Profit and Loss Account is also known as a “Statement of Profit and Loss”, an “Income Statement” or an “Income and Expense Statement”.

Importance of Profit and Loss Account

Profit and Loss Account represents a company’s ability to generate income through their business operations. Many times businesses will need financing to help create the facilities for their operations.… Read the rest

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Put Option

An option is a contract, which gives the buyer the right to buy or sell foreign currency at a specific price, on or before a specific date. For this, the buyer has to pay to the seller some money, which is called as premium. There is no obligation on the buyer to complete the transaction if the price is not favorable to him.

Whenever a person has an intention to sell foreign currency by paying a premium amount immediately and settling the same on a later date, it is known as a Put Option. Put Option has two parties, one a buyer of a Put Option and other a seller of a Put Option.

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Call Option

Option Trading confers the right on the holder/buyer to buy/sell a specified asset (here foreign currency) on a specific price on or before a specific date but he has no obligation to buy/sell. Seller/Writer has an obligation to fulfill the contract if buyer/holder exercises the option. Whenever a person has an intention to buy foreign currency by paying a premium amount immediately, and settling the same on a later date, it is known as a Call option. Call option has two parties, one a buyer of a Call option and other a seller of a Call option.

Example:

Mr. A is interested in buying a US dollar.

… Read the rest
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