What You Need to Master SEO in 2024

General Business Articles

6 Secrets to Successful Franchise Leadership

General Business Articles

8 Side Hustles You Can Start Today

General Business Articles

How To Improve Your Finances in 2024

General Business Articles

Sustainable Strategies for Modern Workplaces: A Practical Guide

General Business Articles

Note Issuance Facility (NIF)

Note Issuance Facility (NIF)  offers a good mix of capital market and syndicated loan operations.  Note Issuance Facility is a usual medium term, floating rate, funding instrument – it is a long-term position for the investor who has shifted their performance for short term in view of the country risks of some less developed countries. NIF is a medium term arrangement under which borrowers can issue short term papers (called a Euro note) with the underwriting support of the commercial banks. The different names given to these main facilities with some variation in its terms are revolving underwriting facility(RUF), short-term note issuance facility (SNIP), transferable revolving underwriting facility (TRUF) and Note Purchase Facility (NPF).  … Read the rest

Abey Francis

Differences Between Value Chain Analysis and Traditional Management Accounting

The Limitations of Traditional Management Accounting

There exist five major limitation for traditional management accounting. The first one is the traditional management accounting may treat the firm as a single part. It only provided information for a single enterprise management decision and control, ignoring the external environment and other relevant information also can reflect the firm’s position in the market. Second, the traditional management accounting limited to the collection and analysis of internal financial information, the information break away from the requirements of corporate strategic management and weakened the role of management accounting. Third, the concept of traditional management accounting just focus on solving the relevant and individual internal issues.… Read the rest

Abey Francis

Difference Between Euro Note Market and Euro Commercial Paper Market

The Euromarkets are the single most important source of commercial loan funds for the developing countries. The development and operation of Eurocurrency markets have played a very significant role in the post war international financial system. Indeed the explosive growth in international banking and bank lending could not have come about but for the Eurocurrency markets.

Simply stated, the term Eurocurrency refers to a currency deposited in a bank outside the home country of that currency. Therefore, Eurocurrencies and Eurocurrency markets are outside the regulatory framework of any monetary authority-the monetary authority of the place where the deposit is made is not concerned with non-residents depositing or borrowing foreign currencies, which does not affect the domestic money supply.… Read the rest

Abey Francis

Pricing of Options

Options contracts, as well, must be evaluated to determine their worth. Although like any good or service, supply and demand for, say, options will affect the price; to understand the value underlying the price, we need to look deeper. Just as we would consider such factors as the quantity and quality of earnings, price-earnings ratio, and industry outlook, to determine the value of a firm; so we must use the various performance measures   to analyze options and futures. Their analysis is complicated by their relationship with the underlying instrument. The underlying asset price therefore is a critical ingredient in the valuation or pricing of options.

… Read the rest
Abey Francis

Asset Swaps

Unlike interest rate swaps and basis rate swaps discussed earlier,   in which cash flows of debt obligation were changed, asset swaps are used to change the characteristics of an asset. For example, an investor with a ten year fixed Japanese yen bond may decide to enter into a currency swap to change his investment income into US dollar. The investor may feel that the Japanese yen will lose its value against the US dollar and would like to change his income into US dollar. Assume the current five year swap rate for US$ versus Japanese Yen to be 6.45-6.50%. The coupon rate of the investor’s bond is 7.00% and the bond has five years remaining.… Read the rest

Abey Francis

Country Risk in International Investments

Country risk is defined as the exposure to a loss in cross-border lending caused by events in a particular country. These events must be, at least to some extent, under the control of the government of that country; they are definitely not under the control of an enterprise or individual.

All cross-border lending in a country – whether to the government, a bank, a private enterprise or an individual – is exposed to country risk. Country risk is thus a broader concept than sovereign risk, which is the risk of lending to the government of a sovereign nation. Further, only events that are, at least to some extent, under the control of the government, can lead to the materialization of country risk.

… Read the rest
Abey Francis