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International Trade Finance Archives - Page 10 of 12 - MBA Knowledge Base

Translation Exposure Management in International Finance

Translation (accounting) exposure arises from the need to, for purposes of reporting and consolidation, to convert the financial statements of foreign operations from the local currency (LC) involved to the home currency (HC). If exchange rates have changed since the previous reporting period, this translation, or restatement, of those assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, gains and losses that are denominated in foreign currencies will result in foreign exchange gains or losses.

The most common means of protecting against translation exposure is balance sheet hedging. This involves attempting equalize exposed assets and liabilities. For example, a company may try to reduce its foreign currency denominated assets if it fears a devaluation of the overseas currency, by running down cash balances, chasing debtors and reducing stock levels.… Read the rest

History and Development of Currency Options and Futures

Options and Futures have been a feature of trade since ancient times. Futures and options have been around as long as there has been commerce, because commerce involves risk. In the last two decades or so, such risks have grown almost exponentially, and these volatile trading conditions have created substantial growth in the use of futures and options. In the global integration; the use of Futures and Options products has changed the financial world.

Futures and Options are used to manage external business risks. It is therefore interesting to note that the phenomenal growth in their use coincided with the collapse of Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate regime and the suspension of the dollar’s convertibility into gold.… Read the rest

National Competitive Advantage Theory of International Trade – Porters Diamond Model

It is a fact that Porter (1990) never focused primarily on the factors determining the pattern of trade, yet his theory of national competitive advantage does explain why a particular country is more competitive in a particular industry. If, for example, Italy maintains competitive advantage in the production of ceramic tiles and Switzerland possesses the competitive advantage in watches, it can be interpreted that the former will export ceramic tiles and the latter will export watches and both of them will import goods in which their own industry is not competitive.

Why is this there a difference? Porter explains that there are four factors responsible for such diversity.… Read the rest

Neo-Factor Proportions Theory

Extending Leontief’s view, some of the economists emphasize on the point that it is not only the abundance (scarcity) of a particular factor, but also the quality of that factor of production that influences the pattern of international trade. The quality is so important in their view that they analyse the trade theory in a three-factor framework instead of two-factor framework taken into account by Heckscher and Ohlin. The third factor manifests in the form of:

  1. Human capital: It is the result of better education and training.Human capital should be treated as a factor input like physical labor and capital. A country with human capital maintains an edge over other countries with regards to the export of commodities produces with the help of improved human capital.
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Factor Proportions Theory of International Trade

Almost after a century and a quarter of the classical version of the theory of international trade, two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, propounded a theory that is known as the factor endowment theory or the factor proportions theory. In fact, it was Eli Heckscher (1919) who mooted the notion of a country’s comparative advantage (disadvantage) based on relative abundance (scarcity) of factors of production. Later on, his student, Bertil Ohlin (1933) developed this notion of relative factor abundance into a theory of the pattern of international trade.

Factor Proportions theory of international trade  explains that in a two-country, two-factor, and two-commodity framework different countries are endowed with varying proportions of different factors of production.… Read the rest

Gains from International Trade and Investment

The major gain of international trade is that it has brought about increased prosperity by allowing nations to specialize in producing those goods and services at which they are relatively efficient. The relative efficiency of a country in producing a particular product can be described in terms of the amounts of other, alternative products that could be produced by the same inputs. When considered this way, relative efficiencies are described as the comparative advantages. All nations can do simultaneously gain from exploiting their comparative advantages, as well as from the large-scale production and broader choice of products that are made possible by the international trade.… Read the rest