Euro Markets are unregulated Money and Capital markets. These markets are spread over Europe, Middle East and Asia. Short-term Euro markets are called as “Euro- currency Markets”. Any currency held outside to home country is referred to as Euro-currency. For example when a Dollar is held as a deposit outside the U.S. is referred to as Euro-Dollar, Similarly a deposit in Marks, outside Germany is called as a Euro-Mark deposit. The Dollar was and still is widely used to settle the international payments. Although there is an increase in European Deposits, denominated in Euro, Pound sterling, Yen etc., by far the U.S. Dollar still remains the most popular Euro-currency. The preference for Dollars can be attributed to the relative political Continue reading
International Finance
International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of foreign exchange,foreign direct investment and how these affect international trade. Also studies the international projects, international investment and the international capital flow .International Finance can be broadly defined, as the study of the financial decisions taken by a multinational corporation in the area of international business i.e. global corporate finance. International finance draws much of its background from the preliminary studies in the topics of corporate finance such as capital budgeting, portfolio theory and cost of capital but now viewed in the international dimension.
Gold Backed Currency System
If the monetary authority holds sufficient gold to convert all circulating money, then this is known as a 100% reserve gold standard, or a full gold standard. Some believe there is no other form of gold standard, since on any “partial” gold standard the value of circulating representative paper in a free economy will always reflect the faith that the market has in that note being redeemable for gold. Others, such as some modern advocates of supply-side economics contest that so long as gold is the accepted unit of account then it is a true gold standard. In an internal gold-standard system, gold coins circulate as legal tender or paper money is freely convertible into gold at a fixed price. Continue reading
The Benefits of a Single Currency System – Euro
The euro is the result of the most significant monetary reform in Europe since the Roman Empire. Although the euro can be seen simply as a mechanism for perfecting the Single European Market, facilitating free trade among the members of the Euro-zone, it is also regarded by its founders as a key part of the project of European political integration. The euro is administered by the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Euro-zone central banks operating in member states. The ECB (headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) has sole authority to set monetary policy; the other members of the ESCB participate in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins, Continue reading
International Equity Investments – Euro Equities
International equities or the Euro equities do not represent debt, nor do they represent foreign direct investment. They are comparatively a new financial instruments representing foreign portfolio equity investment. In this case, the investor gets the dividend and not the interest as in case of debt instruments. On the other hand, it does not have the same pattern of voting right that it does have in the case of foreign direct investment. In fact, international equities are a compromise between the debt and the foreign direct investment. They are the instruments that are presently on the preference list of the investors as well as the issuers. Benefits to Issuer/ Investor The issuers issue international equities under certain conditions and with Continue reading
Demand and Supply for Foreign Exchange
The foreign exchange rate is determined in the free foreign exchange markets by the forces of ‘demand and supply for foreign exchange’. To make the demand and supply functions to foreign exchange, like the conventional market demand and supply functions, we define the rate of exchange as the price of one unit of the foreign currency expressed in terms of the units of the home currency. The Demand for Foreign Exchange Generally, the demand for foreign currency arises from the traders who have to make payments for imported goods. If a person wants to invest his capital in foreign countries, he requires the currency of that country. The functional relationship between the quantity of foreign exchange demanded and the rate Continue reading
Theories of Foreign Exchange
Every country has a currency different from others. There is no common medium of exchange. It is this feature that distinguishes international trade from domestic. Suppose the imports and exports of a country are equal, the demand for foreign currency and its supply conversely, the supply of home currency and the demand for it will be equal. The exchange will be at par. If the supply of foreign money is greater than the demand it will fall below par and the home currency will appreciate. On the other hand, when the home currency is in great supply, there will be more demand for the foreign currency. This will appreciate in value and rise above par. Economists have propounded the following Continue reading