MBA Knowledge Base

When a seller quotes an export price for a product or receives an offer in terms of foreign currency, there is concern with the exchange rate fluctuations that may occur before the seller receives payment. When quoting prices in terms of the foreign currency, the exporter knows how many dollars are to be received at the current rate of exchange. However, when the customers pays in Sterling Pounds, Deutschmarks, Indian Rupees, Japanese Yen or some other acceptable foreign currency, the amount received in terms of dollars will depend upon the rate of exchange when the currency is converted. When the price is quoted in the foreign currency, the exporter accepts the risk of exchange fluctuation. Unless steps are taken to protect expected profits, a decline in exchange rates may reduce profits or even convert them into a loss. Exporter’s Means of Protection An American exporter can obtain protection against exchange Continue reading

While dealing in any transaction in foreign currency, be it a purchase of commercial documents, retirement of a bill of exchange under a letter of credit or a remittance, a bank must have accounts (normally current accounts) in foreign currencies with its overseas correspondents through which the transactions in relevant — Currencies can be put. The balances of such foreign currency accounts — debit or credit — are taken into overall financial position of the banks involved. These accounts are known as ‘Nostro’ Vostro’ and ‘Loro’ accounts. ‘Nostro’ accounts mean current accounts of banks maintained in the books of their branches or correspondents in foreign centers in terms of the latter’s currency. For example, in order to meet its requirements for transactions in pound sterling, AB Bank, Cochin maintains an account in pound sterling with its correspondent in the UK, say XY Bank, London. Such an account would be designated Continue reading