Participative Management – Workers Participation in Management

Human Resource Management

Case Study on Entrepreneurship: Larry Page

Business Analysis

The Boundaryless Career: Modern Contemperory Perspective on Career

Human Resource Management

How to Meet Costa Rica’s 2026 VASP Requirements Without Expanding Headcount

General Business Articles

Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Free Cash Flow Theory of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)

In the late 1980s, Jensen (1987) introduced the free cash flow theory to explain the financial decisions of managers in investing surplus money (excess cash flow). The free cash flow theory stems from the availability of corporate funds, after the deduction of all expenses. Managers often use this fund for purposes of expanding their businesses or paying out dividends to their shareholders. However, studies shows that many managers prefer to use this excess cash to enter into merger and acquisition agreements. Their incentive may be higher profitability and business advantages that mergers and acquisitions offer (compared to other investments). Occasionally, despite the failure of some investments to increase shareholder value, managers may decide to use these funds to expand businesses (through these mergers and acquisitions). They often prefer this option because the second alternative of paying out dividends to shareholders leads to the loss of financial resources and managerial power. Continue reading

Abey Francis

Basic Concepts of Trademarks and Unfair Competition

Competition in the modern business environment is normal and often considered healthy. A highly competitive business environment embraces innovation as a way of meeting needs of customers in the best way possible. Companies that embrace creativity often emerge successful in such markets. They can understand emerging trends, new tastes and preferences, and what can be done to align products with new demands. It is common to find companies that use unethical practices in such highly competitive business environments. The need for business entities to operate in an environment where there is mutual respect among firms. It is unethical for a company to engage in acts that may harm other firms or customers because of the desire to make quick gains. The need to ensure that business entities and customers are protected from unscrupulous practices led to the enactment of laws and regulations that define how firms should operate. In an Continue reading

Abey Francis

Strategic Planning Tools – SPACE, GRAND, and QSP Matrices

Strategic planning is an integral part of a successful company’s operations and processes. It allows organizations to assess their positions within industries and define the steps necessary to solve issues or rise to a higher level. Strategic planning may be performed using different tools, including SPACE, Grand, and QSP matrices. While all three are effective and helpful, the last one is implemented during the final stage of strategic planning.  1. SPACE Matrix Overall, the SPACE matrix is a specific strategic management tool that companies use to analyze their positions. SPACE stands for the Strategic Position and Action Evaluation, focusing on strategy formulation and especially the improvement of competitiveness. It has four quadrants, each defining the specific temperament of the strategy to choose: competitive, defensive, conservative, and aggressive. Further, the Y-axis top is financial strength, and the bottom is environmental stability, being the factors of the external environment. The right of Continue reading

Abey Francis

Case Study of Disneyland: An Intermediary Between Diverse Cultures

Since the first of the Disney parks was founded in 1955 in Anaheim, California, Disneyland theme parks have often been referred to as the “happiest places on earth.” Disneyland’s are recognized worldwide for their joy-filled rides, playful atmosphere, and other amusement features. Various studies have shown that Disneyland has created multicultural amusement zones where people from diverse geographic and cultural backgrounds enjoy escapism and fairy-tale life. This description makes Disneyland an intermediary between cultures. Culture can be seen as shared beliefs, customs, values, behavioral patterns, and cognitive constructs among people belonging to a particular group. It defines the characteristics and knowledge of unique groups of people in aspects such as language, socialism, religion, cuisine, art, and more. While culture presents diverse characteristics among people of different origins, conscience plays a significant role in binding them within a larger society, allowing them to share unique experiences, beliefs, attitudes, values, spatial relations, Continue reading

Abey Francis

Responsible Investment – Concept, Definition, Advantages, and Disadvantages

According to research, many corporations in the contemporary world have purposed to reorient their investment policies in line with the principle of the common good through responsible investment strategies. As a way of addressing the numerous challenges associated with globalization, responsible investment is one of the notable trends that corporations have taken up since the turn of the century. It refers to an investment approach that aims to integrate social, environmental, and governance elements into investment decisions with the sole purpose of improving risk management, as well as generating sustainable and long-term results. The social elements integrated into investment decisions include improving employee relations, diversity, health, safety, working conditions, as well as conflict management. Environmental elements include deforestation, resource depletion, waste management, pollution, and climate change. Governance elements include issues relating to tax strategy, executive pay, political lobbying, corruption, as well as board diversity and structure. The concept of responsible Continue reading

Abey Francis

Concepts of Public Goods, Externalities, and Government Intervention

The competitive of the marketplace is very beneficial to the public in that it ensures that the very scarce resources are made available to the public in their highest values. Despite this benefit, there are certain limits to the marketplace. For instance, the production of a certain good that is economically important to both consumers and producers or even to the nation may be prohibited. In other cases, their production may either be below or above the average or required production. This situation is referred to as market failure which occurs when the marketplace fails in its allocation of resources meant for production of goods by either under allocating or over allocating the resources. When such cases occur, the government, then, comes in to play its economic role to the public. This is because the marketplace is considered a private sector of the economy rather than a public venture. However, the Continue reading

Abey Francis