Participative Management – Workers Participation in Management

Human Resource Management

Case Study on Entrepreneurship: Larry Page

Business Analysis

The Boundaryless Career: Modern Contemperory Perspective on Career

Human Resource Management

How to Meet Costa Rica’s 2026 VASP Requirements Without Expanding Headcount

General Business Articles

Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Income from Capital Gains

Any profits and gains arising from the transfer of a capital assets effected in the previous year shall be chargeable to income tax under the head capital gain in the PY in which the transfer took place. It should satisfy the following conditions There should be a capital asset The capital assets should be transferred. Transfer should result in profit or gains Capital Asset means any property of any kind held by an assessee whether or not connected with his business or profession.                               But the following assets are not capital assets. Any stock in trade, consumable stores or raw materials held for the purpose of his business or profession. All personal effects except jewellery Agricultural land in India which is situated in rural area etc.                     Continue reading

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Stock Market Terminology

A Absolute Return The return that an asset achieves over a period of time. This measure simply looks at the appreciation or depreciation (expressed as a percentage) that an asset – usually a stock or a mutual fund – faces over a period of time. Absolute return differs from relative return because it is concerned  with the return of the asset being looked at and does not compare it to any  other measure. Actual Return the actual gain or loss of an investor. Acquisition When one company purchases a majority interest in the acquired. Allotment The number of shares allotted to a participant in IPO against the actual number of securities he had applied for. American Depository Receipt (ADR) A negotiable certificate issued by a U.S. bank representing a specified number of shares (or one share) in  a foreign stock that is traded on a U.S. exchange. ADRs are denominated Continue reading

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Country of Origin Effect in International Marketing

The Country of Origin Effect is  the influence that the manufacturer country has on the positive or negative consumer judgment. Studies have shown that when a customer becomes aware of the country of origin of a product his/her image about the product is influenced either positively or negatively according to his perceptions. Consumers tend to have a stereotype about product and countries that have been formed by experience, hearsay, myth. These stereotypes are generally broad and vague according to which they judge a specific country or a specific product to be the best: French Perfumes, Italian Leather, Chinese Silk and Japanese Technology are all examples of such stereotypes. Therefore the country, the type of product, and the image of the company all its brand play a crucial rule in deciding whether the country of origin will engender a positive or a negative reaction. Country Image: Precursors to Country of Origin Continue reading

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Case Study: Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty

Unilevers Dove brand was launched in the market as a cleansing bar soap in 1957. The soap was based non-irritating cleaner and moisturizing component. By 1970s, Unilever had enhanced the soap into a beauty bar, which was milder and promised women of moisturized skins. The popularity of the soap at this time soared, and Unilever started expansion into the global market and by 1996, the brand was selling in over 80 countries. Between 1995 and 2001, Unilever expanded the range of products under the dove brand to include moisturizers, face creams, deodorants, shower gel, shampoos, conditioners, among other wide range of beauty and care products. The key features and attributes of the brand such as its soft colors focused on promoting it as a rejuvenating, calming and exfoliating product brand with milder effects on the skin and high performance moisturizing abilities for dry skins. As the Dove brand mainly targeted Continue reading

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Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

What is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)? Public key infrastructure (PKI) systems offer authentication in transactions. PKI is an information technology infrastructure that enables internet users to securely and privately exchange information through the use of a public and a private key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority. The public key infrastructure provides for a digital certificate that can identify an individual or an organization and directory services that can store and, when necessary, revoke the certificates. A certificate is a digital document (i.e. a formatted file) that  binds a public key to a person, application, or service. A  trusted Certificate Authority (CA) creates the certificate and  digitally signs it using the CA’s private key. Because of its  role in creating certificates, the CA is the central component  of the PKI. Using the CA’s public key, applications verify  the issuing CA’s digital signature, and hence, the integrity Continue reading

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Equity Carve-Out (ECO)

An Equity Carve-Out (ECO) is a partial public offering of a wholly owned subsidiary. Unlike spin-offs, ECOs generate a capital infusion because the parent offers shares in the subsidiary to the public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO), although it usually retains a controlling interest in the subsidiary. Like spin-offs, ECOs have become increasingly popular in the last several years. An equity carve-out involves conversion of an existing division or unit into a wholly owned subsidiary. A part of the stake in this subsidiary is sold to outsiders. The parent company may or may not retain controlling stake in the new entity. The shares of the subsidiary are listed and traded separately on the stock exchange. Equity carve-outs result in a positive cash flow to the parent company. An equity carve-out is different from a spin-off because of the induction of outsiders as new shareholders in the firm. Secondly equity Continue reading

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