Participative Management – Workers Participation in Management

Human Resource Management

Case Study on Entrepreneurship: Larry Page

Business Analysis

The Boundaryless Career: Modern Contemperory Perspective on Career

Human Resource Management

How to Meet Costa Rica’s 2026 VASP Requirements Without Expanding Headcount

General Business Articles

Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Evolution of Exchange Rate System in India

The rupee was historically linked i.e. pegged to the pound sterling. Earlier, during British regime and till late sixties, most of India’s trade transactions were dominated to pound sterling. Under Bretton Woods system, as a member of IMF Indian declared its par value of rupee in terms of gold. The corresponding rupee sterling rate was fixed 1 GBP = RS 18. When Bretton Woods system bore down in August 1971, the rupee was de-linked from US $ and the exchange rate was fixed at 1 US $ = Rs 7.50. Reserve bank of India, however, remained pound sterling as the currency of intervention. The US $ and rupee pegging was used to arrive at rupee-sterling parity. After Smithsonian Agreement in December 1971, the rupee was de-linked from US $ and again linked to pound sterling. This parity was maintained with a band of 2.25%. Due to poor fundamental pound got Continue reading

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Exposures to Exchange Rate Fluctuations

International business is facilitated by markets that allow flow of funds between countries in different currencies. Multinational corporations are involved in international trade and receive and pay in various currencies. MNCs must constantly monitor exchange rates because their cash flows are highly dependent on them. The risk faced by these companies due to exchange rate movements after having already entered into financial obligations is called exchange rate risk. Such exposure to fluctuating exchange rates can lead to major losses for the firms. Exchange rate fluctuations cannot be forecast with accuracy. However, using various techniques, the amount of exposure can be measured and minimized. Exchange rate fluctuations can be broadly categorized into three types: Transaction exposure Economic exposure Translation exposure Transaction exposure arises when a firm’s contractual cash flows are affected by fluctuations in exchange rates of the currencies in which they are designated. Transaction exposures can have a great impact Continue reading

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Main Causes of Default of Loans from Industrial Sector

One major problem which the banks in India are facing is the problem of recovery and overdue of loans. The reasons behind this may vary for different financial institutions as it depends upon the respective nature of loans. Here an attempt is made to find out the some causes of default of loans due to which financial Institutions are facing the problems of overdue of loans. The recovery officers of different banks are interviewed for finding out the causes of defaults. These reasons may be useful for the and Banks for the better recovery of loans in future. After surveying different banks, the following can be said to be some of the main causes of default of loans from industrial sector:- Improper selection of an entrepreneur: Selection of the right Entrepreneur is one of the major factors in the profitability of Banks. Two major criterion namely the intention to repay Continue reading

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Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is part of the proposed tax reforms that centre round evolving an efficient consumption tax system in the country. Presently, there are parallel systems of indirect taxation at the central and state levels. In the Union Budget for the year 2006-2007, Finance Minister proposed that India should move towards national level Goods and Services Tax that should be shared between the Centre and the States. He proposed to set April 1, 2010 as the date for introducing the goods and service tax (GST). Goods and Services Tax is proposed to be an indirect tax levied on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services at a national level concurrently by Central and State Governments. This Integration of goods and services taxation would end the distortions of differential taxation treatments of manufacturing and service sector. The Central and State governments both charge a multitude of indirect Continue reading

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Advertising Mediums – Types and Selection Criteria

A manufacturer or a trader can make use of the following advertising media to spread his message to the people : (i) Press advertising, (ii) Outdoor advertising, (iii) Film advertising, (iv) Radio advertising, (v) Television advertising, (vi) Direct mail advertising, (vii) Display advertising, and (viii) Speciality advertising: The merits and demerits of these media are discussed below. 1. Press Advertising or Print Media Press advertising, i.e advertising through newspapers, magazines, journals, etc. is commonly used by modern businessmen- It may be noted that advertising is an important source of finance for the press or print media. Because of advertisements, the subscribers get newspapers and periodicals at subsidized rates. Newspaper Advertising. Newspaper reading is a common habit among most of the educated people. Besides daily newspapers, there are bi-weekly and weekly newspapers also Newspapers reach almost every place and are read by all kinds of people. Therefore, newspaper can be used Continue reading

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Strategy Change Cycle: An Effective Strategic Planning Approach

A strategic change cycle is mainly utilized to correlate the planning process of an organization with the vision, mission and values of an organization. This implies that an organization should focus developing its strategies that may assist it to accomplish its long run vision. This will assist the organization in managing the entire organization in a strategic manner in order to gain a sustained growth in the future.  The key objective of the strategic change cycle is to make sure that the organization continues to provide maximum value to the stakeholders by undertaking the right strategies at the right time. With the help of the strategic change cycle, the organization should also ensure that a proper vigilance is kept on the internal and external environment to understand the future challenges and opportunities. Hence, this is one of the key concepts that may assist an organization to gain success. 10 Steps Continue reading

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