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Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne Experiment and It’s Contributions to Management

The term “Hawthorne” is a term used within several behavioral management theories and is originally derived from the western electric company’s large factory complex named Hawthorne works. Starting in 1905 and operating until 1983, Hawthorne works had 45,000 employees and it produced a wide variety of consumer products, including telephone equipment, refrigerators and electric fans. As a result, Hawthorne works is well-known for its enormous output of telephone equipment and most importantly for its industrial experiments and studies carried out.

Hawthorne Experiment by  Elton Mayo

In 1927, a group of researchers led by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger of the Harvard Business School were invited to join in the studies at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company, Chicago.… Read the rest

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Most Important Functions of Management

Some would define management as an art, while others would define it as a science. Whether management is an art or a science isn’t what is most important. Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. An organization could be a business, a school, a city, a group of volunteers, or any governmental entity. Managers are the people to whom this management task is assigned, and it is generally thought that they achieve the desired goals through the key functions of management. Some would include leading as a managing function, but for the purposes of this discussion, leading is included as a part of directing.… Read the rest

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Managerial Skills and Roles

Managerial Skills

Managers at every level in the management hierarchy must exercise three basic types of skills: technical, human, and conceptual. All managers must acquire these skills in varying proportions, although the importance of each category of skill changes at different management levels.

Technical skills:

  • Technical skills refer to the ability and knowledge in using the equipment, techniques and procedure involved in performing specific tasks.
  • These skills require specialized knowledge and proficiency in the mechanics of a particular.
  • Technical skills lose relative importance at higher levels of the management hierarchy, but most top executives started out as technical experts.

Human skills:

  • Human skills refer to the ability of a manager to work effectively with other people both as individual and as members of a group.
… Read the rest
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Management Levels in an Organization

The term level of management refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions. The number of levels of management depends upon the size, technology, degree, of diversity and nature of product. There are mainly three levels of management in most of the organization.

  1. Top level management
  2. Middle level management
  3. Lower level management

The extent to which managers perform the functions of management – planning, organizing, directing, and controlling – varies by level in the management hierarchy.

1. Top Level Management

Top level consists of the board of directors, general manager and other senior executives. They fix the objectives of the organization.… Read the rest

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Is Management is an Art or a Science?

Is management characterized as an art, as a science or both? In order to investigate the nature of Management, it would be useful firstly to define it. According to Drucker “Management is about human beings. Its task is to make people capable of joint performance, to make their strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant. This is what organization is all about, and this is the reason why management is the critical, determining factor”. Nowadays, practically everyone works for a managed institution, large or not, business or not. Our living actually depends on management. The ability we have to contribute to society, depends firstly on the way, the institute we work for, is managed and furthermore on our own abilities, devotion and effort.… Read the rest

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The Principles of Modern Management by Frederick Taylor

Frederick Taylor, known as the Father of Scientific Management, conducted many studies at Bethlehem Steel Company in Pittsburgh. His experience as an apprentice, a common labor, a foreman, a master mechanic, and then a chief engineer of a steel company gave Taylor an excellent opportunity to know first hand the problems and attitudes of workers and to see the great possibilities for improving the quality of management. To improve productivity, Taylor examined the time and motion details of a job, developed a better method for performing that job, and trained the workers. Taylor also offered a piece rate that increased as workers produced more.… Read the rest

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