Interest Rate Swaps

The basic structure of an interest rate swap consists of the exchange between two counter-parties of fixed rate interest or floating rate interest in the same currency calculated by reference to a mutually agreed notional principal amount. This principal amount, which would normally equate to the underlying assets or liabilities being “swapped” by the counter-parties, is applicable solely for the calculation of the interest to be exchanged under the swap. At no time it is physically passed between the counter-parties. The counter-parties are able to convert an underlying fixed rate asset/ liability and vice-versa, through this straight forward swap structure. The majority of the interest rate swap transactions are driven by the cost savings to be obtained by each of the counter-parties. These cost savings are substantial and result from differentials in the credit standing of the counter-parties and other structural considerations. Generally investors in fixed rate instruments are more Continue reading

Job Description – Definition, Types and Purpose

Job descriptions are the duties and requirements that are necessary for the recruitment of an employee. It is a list of general chores, duties and role of the employee for a specific and general job. Without job description a person cannot perform his role accordingly. In simple words job description is the basic or main responsibilities that an employee is supposed to perform for any organisation or company. Any job description must contain these things; A job summary: Detailed information regarding the general tasks and duties of the job. A list of job functions: List of those functions and duties that an employee needs to perform his duty. Requirements: For different jobs there are different requirements. The job description must contain the specific requirements for the job. Other requirements: If there are any other requirements for a specific job a job description explains those relevant requirements. Preparing a job description Continue reading

Types of Issue of Shares in Indian Capital Market

The primary issue market is that component of the capital markets that deals with the issuance of new securities. Companies, governments or public sector institutions can obtain funding through the sale of a new stock. In the case of a new stock issue, this sale is an initial public offering (IPO). Primary markets create long term instruments through which corporate entities borrow from capital market. Primary market provides opportunity to issuers of securities, government as well as corporate, to raise resources to meet their requirements of investments and/or discharge some obligation. Primary market also known as New Issue Market as it deals with new securities which are not previously available and are offered for the investment to the public for the first time. The primary market enjoys neither any tangible form nor any administrative organizational set-up and is not subject to any centralized control and administration for the execution of Continue reading

Organizational Frustration

Frustration, defined as, blocking ongoing goal directed  behavior  that may operate in a manner similar to provocation and serve both as an instigator and an external justification for violating normative constraint against aggression. Reactions of Frustration The first response to frustration, which needs to be delineated, is the emotional reaction.   Frustration leads to some sort of negative emotional state.   Two important properties are that the emotions are aversive, and that it produces or results in increased physiological arousal.   The aversive nature means that the individual will be highly motivated or reduced in it.   The increased around tends to increase the vigor or strength of whatever response is elicited and this arousal is implications for task performance. On the  behavioral  end, there are at least four major classes of  behavior   which can result from frustration.   Probably the most common reaction, especially to mild frustration, is Continue reading

Change Management Models – The Satir Change Model

Managing change in today’s organizations is not easy but doing it well is the new imperative. If companies want to survive and strive in today’s highly competitive environment, they have change quickly and yet successfully. Managing changes is now a core competency where organizations fall short in the race to adopt it. The increasing pace of change coupled with accelerating uncertainty. Change is something that makes people upset and has the higher potential of failures, loss production or failing quality. On the other end, there is a positive side of change, where the effects of change are important to the survival of the organization. From the perspective of employees both definition and understanding is essence to successfully managing change. As mentioned before uncertainty, a fear of unknown or an expectation of loss make people resistant to change. To eliminate this discomfort we have to make sure that people perceive the Continue reading

What is Green Management?

Green management is an approach to organizational management that seeks to reduce the environmental impact of business operations while improving business efficiency and profitability. The focus of green management is on sustainability, and it involves making decisions and taking actions that are environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable. This article will discuss the concept of green management, its importance, benefits, and challenges, as well as strategies for implementing green management practices in organizations. The Concept of Green Management Green management is a proactive approach to managing a business in a way that minimizes the environmental impact of its operations. It involves adopting strategies and practices that reduce waste, conserve energy and natural resources, and minimize pollution. Green management goes beyond simply complying with environmental regulations; it involves taking a leadership role in environmental stewardship and sustainability. Green management practices can be applied in any industry, from manufacturing to retail, Continue reading