Futures Contract

Future contracts allow the price risk to be separated from the reliability risk by removing the former from the set of factors giving rise to opportunism. The governance structure supplied by the exchange authority effectively eliminates reliability risk from future trading. The seller of futures contracts incurs a liability not to the buyer, but to the clearing house, and likewise the buyer acquires an asset from the clearing house. The clearing house in effect guarantees all transactions. In addition, the exchange rules, especially regarding its members’ contract, severely limit their ability to behave opportunistically. Organized exchanges greatly reduce default and reliability risk from future contracts. This is achieved by transferring transactions over price risks from a personal to an impersonal market through standard form futures contracts traded in self-regulated market price. Future contracts are standard form contracts with only one negotiable term: price. The standardization of future contracts has significant Continue reading

Stimulating Forces for Organizational Change

What makes an organization to think about change? There are a number  of specific, even obvious factors which will necessitate movement from the  status quo. The most obvious of these relate to changes in the external  environment which trigger reaction. An example of this in the last couple of  years is the move by car manufacturers and petroleum organizations towards the  provision of more environmentally friendly forms of ‘produce’. However, to  attribute change entirely to the environment would be a denial of extreme  magnitude. This would imply that organizations were merely ‘bobbing about’ on  a turbulent sea of change, unable to influence or exercise direction. The changes  within an organization take place in response both to business and economic  events and to processes of management perception, choice and action. Managers in this sense see events taking place that, to them, signal the  need for organizational change. They also perceive the Continue reading

Difference between Sale and Agreement to Sell

Section 4(1) of the sale of Goods Act defines a contract of sale of goods as — “a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price”. The definition of contract of sale of goods reveals that either actual sale or an agreement to sell both are covered under the act. But, there are certain differences between the two. Where in a contract of sale, the property in the goods is immediately transferred from the buyer to the seller it is called a sale. Where under a contract of sale, the transfer of property in the goods is to take place in the future or after the fulfillment of certain conditions, it is called ‘An agreement to sell”. A sale and an agreement to sell can be distinguished as:- i) Transfer of Property (Ownership): In a sale, the property in Continue reading

Stages of Group Development

A group can be defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals. Although a groups often have goals, but there’s not state that group members must share a goal or motivation. Many people used the word team and group interchangeably, but there are actually many differences between the word team and group. It is much easier to form a group than a team. In group, they could be grouped according to gender, experience, age or other common factors. Although the effectiveness of the group may be variable, but forming a group just based on a certain commonality is not particularly difficult. A group’s strength may come from sheer volume or willingness to carry out a single leader’s commands. On the other hand, a team can be more difficult to form. The members will selected for their complementary skills, not a single commonality. Continue reading

What is Electronic Records Management (ERM)?

ISO standard 15489: 2001 defines Records Management (RM) as the field of management responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, use, and disposition of records, including the processes for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about business activities and transactions in the form of records. Electronic Records Management (ERM) guarantees that your company has the records they need when they are needed. Records management is referred to a set of activities that are required for systematically controlling the distribution, use, creation, maintenance, and disposition of all recorded information that’s maintained as proof of business transactions and activities. Records management is mainly concerned with the evidence of a company’s activities. Applying records management usually occurs according to the value of the records, not their physical formats. The essential records managements are capable of assigning specific identifiers to individual records, providing safeguards against all unauthorized changes Continue reading

Importance of Understanding Culture in International Business

As described by the famous author Edgar Schein, the culture in reference to the corporate world is the different corporation’s learning that is developed by different discoveries, invention and the development for handling the internal and the external issue effectively. These learning and development should be successful enough to be passed and taught to the coming and joining employees for handling such affairs in the future. He also remarked the famous quote, “the culture has a same meaning to the group what personality has to with individual”. Also it is well understood in the current era of global market that a successful multinational company has to have an in-depth knowledge of the environment and the different cultural background of the different countries and regions in which it is operating to have a considerable amount of success. For any of the successful MNC, it is very essential to understand the different Continue reading