Liquidity Risk Management in Banks

While introducing the concept of Asset-Liability Management (ALM), it has been mentioned that the object of any ALM policy is twofold — ensuring profitability and liquidity. Working towards this end, the bank generally maintains profitability/spreads by borrowing short (lower costs) and lending long (higher yields). Though this process of price matching can be done well within the risk/exposure levels set for rate fluctuations it may, however, place the bank in a potentially illiquid position. Efficient matching of prices to manage the interest rate risk does not suffice to meet the ALM objective. Price matching should be coupled with proper maturity matching. The inter-linkage between the interest rate risk and the liquidity of the firm highlights the need for maturity matching. The underlying implication of this inter-linkage is that rate fluctuations may lead to defaults severely affecting the asset-liability position. Further in a highly volatile situation it may lead to liquidity Continue reading

Becoming a Better You: A Guide to Self-Learning While Working Full-Time

Working almost any full-time job can be taxing. Finding time to learn a new skill or get a degree while maintaining productivity often seems like a near-impossible goal for those trying to pursue it. And yet, millions of people do it every day – and so can you. Imagine holding down that job while pursuing an AACSB online MBA – not easy, right? Even if you’re engaging in self-directed learning, you’re going to need that same level of discipline and commitment to get the results you’re after. But with determination, good time management, and a vision for what you want, anything is possible. What do you really want? That vision bit is key. Taking time out of an already-busy day simply isn’t going to happen if you don’t have a clear idea of why you’re doing it. Forget motivation, willpower, any of that – it’s all for nothing if you’re Continue reading

Different Modes of Granting Loans by Commercial Banks

The basic function of a commercial bank is to make loans and advances out of the money which is received from the public by way of deposits. The loans are particularly granted to businessmen and members of the public against personal security, gold and silver and other movable and immovable assets.  Such loans and advances are given to members of the public and to the business community at a higher rate of interest than allowed by banks on various deposit accounts. The rate of interest charged on loans and advances varies depending upon the purpose, period and the mode of repayment. The difference between the rates of interest allowed on deposits and the rate charged on the loans is the main source of a commercial banks income.  A loan is granted for a specific time period. Generally, commercial banks grant short-term loans. But term loans, that is, loan for more Continue reading

Sensory Marketing – The Experience Through The Senses

This is a new century, the brand concept, with the characteristics of faith, extended sensory perception. From the beginning of brand development and lead to the future of brand management of ‘all-round selling points’ – each brand has its own identity, message, shape, rituals and traditions, are to convey this recognition. Make good use of the concept of sensory branding into all-round new ways of marketing communication. We often use a ‘brand pyramid’ of strategic thinking tools, to the deduction to find out how to connect between the consumer and the brand, associated, and in a behavioral science theory, ‘the driving force of human nature’ to interpret the impact of human behavior primitive instincts. This is derived from human behavior scientist Morris (Desmond Morris) of the study, as well as his in the ‘Naked Ape’ (The Naked Ape) a book on human primitive deep study animal behavior. The original driving Continue reading

Eurobond

Money may be raised internationally by bond issues and by bank loans.  This is done in domestic as well as international markets. The difference is that  in international markets the money may come in a currency which is different  from that normally used by the borrower. The characteristic feature of the  international bond market is that bonds are always sold outside the country of  the borrower. There are three types of bond, of which two are international  bonds. A domestic bond is a bond issued in a country by a resident of that  country. A foreign bond is a bond issued in a particular country by a foreign  borrower. Eurobonds are bonds underwritten and sold in more than one country. A foreign bond may be defined as an international bond sold by a foreign  borrower but denominated in the currency of the country in which it is placed. It  is Continue reading

Pure Competition

In pure competition, the firm has to accept the given market price. At this given price, it can sell all the products, which it desires but at any higher price, it cannot sell anything. If the market price is below its cost, it has to either take the loss or withdraw from the market. As a result, any single firm in a purely competitive situation has to adjust its production and sales policies to the given market price. However, the market prices arc determined through the mutual consent of all the individual competitive buyers and sellers together. But any individual firm has no control over the price. Since a purely competitive seller has no control over the price at which he sells, his average marginal revenue schedule is infinitely elastic. In perfect competition, marginal revenue is equal to the average revenue, because every unit is sold at the same market Continue reading