An organization is the association of persons for achieving certain objectives. An organization is a social system wherein its members try to achieve their private goals while achieving the organizational goals. The seemingly contradictory goals are resolved by effective organizational behavior. The organization has some objectives which are attained by organizing the activities of their member. An organization for business purposes is commonly known as a corporate body or a corporation or a company or formally established business unit. It is dynamic and ever changing as per the needs of society, its members, corporate objectives and environmental changes. Men form and develop organizations because they are unable to achieve the desired goals individually. They evolve different forms of organization according to their needs. An organization is a composition of people having different authorities and responsibilities to utilize existing resources for achieving the organizational objectives. Common Features of Business Organizations Continue reading
Principles of Management
Evaluation Concept in Management
Definitions of Evaluation in Management Evaluation is the analysis and comparison of actual progress vis-Ã -vis prior plans. Evaluation is oriented toward improving plans for future implementation to ensure improved performance. Evaluation is part of a continuing management process consisting of planning, implementation, and evaluation. Ideally each of these steps follows the other in a continuous cycle until successful completion of the activity. Evaluation involves comparison of actual performance against benchmarks or standards of performance to establish the extent of fulfillment of goals and identify gaps in performance to suggest remedial courses for ensuring that in the end all ends well, that is fulfillment level is 100%. The goals vary depending on the situation, participants and issues. Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, sustainability, and impact of development interventions or programs. Evaluation is the assessment of how well a project/activity achieved its objectives. Evaluation may Continue reading
The Competing Values Framework
Competing models of management refer to those models that attempt to explain the competing value framework of organizational management. The organizational management sometimes faces the management challenge of balancing between two or more important processes that affect the operation of an organization. The competing values framework is a model that was developed by Robert Quinn and Kim Cameron to assess the organizational culture. The theory of competing values framework, in essence, shows the interrelationship between processes that enable the organization to focus on the internal environment or external environment. The area of focus of an organization leads to the development of the organizational culture and often results in a balancing of two or more competing value factors. This implies that the organizational competing values framework models have a role in the success of an organization. The competing values framework can be used in constructing an organizational culture profile. An organizational Continue reading
Ten Personality Factors in Organizational Behavior
Personality is a complex, multi-dimensional construct and there is no simple definition of what personality is. Salvatore R. Maddi defines personality as, “A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalities and differences in the psychological behavior and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment”. All individuals have some universally common characteristics. Yet they differ in some other specific attributes. This makes it difficult for the managers to assume that they can apply same reward types or motivation techniques to modify different individual behaviors. The definition, however, does not mean that people never change. In simple terms, it asserts that individuals do not change all at once. Their thoughts, feelings, values and actions remain relatively stable over time. Changes in individual’s personality can, however, occur gradually over a period of time. The managers should, therefore, attempt Continue reading
Leadership Qualities – Top Qualities that Make a Great Leader
Leadership is a process of influencing the behavior of people at work towards the achievement of specified goal. The following elements must be present in the leadership: It is the process of influence; The influence is always for achievement of common goal; There must be minimum two or more persons present; influencing your own behavior is not leadership. The influence should be to get the willing co-operation of the employees and not the forceful co-operation. Most Important Leadership Qualities A person must possess the following qualities to be a good and effective leader. Physical qualities. Good physical features attract people. Physical features like height, weight, health and looks of person attract and individual. Healthy and smart leader can him also work hard and he can induce his subordinates also to work hard. Knowledge, Intelligence and Scholarship. A leader must be able to examine every problem in the right perspective or Continue reading
Six Elements of Organizational Structure
An organizational structure is a diagram displaying the hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, roles and duties within an organisation and how they relate to one another. A structure is dependent upon the objectives and strategy of which the organization is focussed on. There are six basic elements of an organizational structure: Specialisation Departmentalisation Chain of Command Span of control Centralisation and Decentralisation Formalisation Work specialization gives employees specific duties and roles they are expected to perform within the company, factoring in their qualifications and skills. Having descriptions of duties for staff members helps the organisation to fully meet the workforce needs and to ensure there are no unnecessary duplications within roles. Departmentalization refers to how the organisation breaks down the functions and teams needed to run the company and carry out the essential tasks. Departments are usually made up of staff members who perform similar tasks in the same Continue reading